Significant improvements in nanoscale fabrication have made it possible to build photonic circuits with minimal defects, but defects can never be entirely avoided, and losses due to disorder remains a limiting factor in today's technology. Minimising these losses could, for example, reduce the energy consumption in communication systems and further improve the sensitivity of sensor technology. And since photonic quantum technologies rely on encoding information in fragile quantum states, minimising losses is essential to scale quantum photonics to real applications. So the search is on for new ways to reduce the backscattering, or even prevent it entirely.

A one-way street for photons is impossible today

One suggestion for minimising the loss of photons in an integrated photonic system is to guide the light through the circuit using topological interfaces that prevent backscattering by design.

"It would be very nice if it were possible to reduce losses in these systems. But fundamentally, creating such a one-way street for photons is a tough thing to do. In fact, as of right now, it is impossible; to do this in the optical domain would require developing new materials that do not exist today," says Associate Professor Søren Stobbe, Group Leader at DTU Electro.

电路由拓扑绝缘体,in theory, force photons to keep moving forward, never backward. The backwards channel would simply not exist. While such effects are well-known in niche electronics and have been demonstrated with microwaves, they have yet to be shown in the optical domain.

But full topological protection is impossible in silicon and all other low-loss photonic materials, because they are subject to time-reversal symmetry. This means that whenever a waveguide allows transmitting light in one direction, the backwards path is also possible. This means that there is no one-way street for photons in conventional materials, but researchers have hypothesized that a two-way street would already be good enough to prevent backscattering.

"There has been a lot of work trying to realise topological waveguides in platforms relevant for integrated photonics. One of the most interesting platforms is silicon photonics, which uses the same materials and technology that make up today's ubiquity of computer chips to build photonic systems, and even if disorder cannot be entirely eliminated, perhaps backscattering can," says Søren Stobbe.

New experimental results from DTU recently published inNature Photonicsstrongly suggest that with the materials available today, this likely will not happen.

State-of-the-art waveguides offer no protection

Although several previous studies have found that it may be possible to prevent backscattering based on various indirect observations, rigorous measurements of the losses and the backscattering in topological waveguides were so far missing. The central experiments conducted at DTU were performed on a highly well-characterised state-of-the-art type of silicon waveguide, showing that even in the best waveguides available, the topological waveguides show no protection against backscattering.

"We fabricated the best waveguide obtainable with current technology -- reporting the smallest losses ever seen and reaching minute levels of structural disorder -- but we never saw topological protection against backscattering. If the two-way topological insulators protect against backscattering, they would only be effective at disorder levels below what is possible today," says PhD-student Christian Anker Rosiek.

He conducted most of the fabrication, experiments and data analysis along with postdoc Guillermo Arregui, both at DTU Electro.

"Measuring the losses alone is crucial, but not enough, because losses can also come from radiation out of the waveguide. We can see from our experiments that the photons get caught in little randomly located cavities in the waveguide as if many of tiny mirrors had been randomly placed in the light's path. Here, the light is reflected back and forth, scattering very strongly on those defects. It shows that the backscattering strength is high, even in a state-of-the-art system, proving that backscattering is the limiting factor," says Guillermo Arregui.

Waveguide-material should break time-reversal symmetry

The study concludes that, for a waveguide to offer protection against backscattering, you would need the topological insulator to be constructed from materials that break time-reversal symmetry without absorbing light. Such materials do not exist today.

“我们不排除,防止backscattering can work, and absence of evidence must not be confused with evidence of absence. There is plenty of exciting research to be explored within topological physics, but moving forward, I believe researchers should take great care in measuring losses when presenting new topological waveguides. That way, we will get a clearer picture of the true potential of these structures. Suppose someone does indeed develop new, exotic materials that allow only propagation in one direction, our study has established the tests needed to claim real protection against backscattering.," says Christian Anker Rosiek.