"Butterfly wings have relatively simple structures, but this simple structure is responsible for some very complex functions: locomotion, thermoregulation, mate preference, and predator avoidance," says Wei Zhang, a butterfly researcher at Peking University in China. "Because these wings are structurally simple but functionally complex, I think butterfly wings are the ideal system to address multiple evolutionary questions."

In order to understand the evolution and genetics responsible for the oak leaf butterfly's exceptional ability to disguise itself, the team collectedKallimasamples from 36 different genera across Asia. They then sequenced these butterfly's genomes and homed in on one gene, namedcortex, that appeared to be responsible for the varying leaf patterns.

Evolutionary pressures on this gene drive interesting morphological changes across the butterfly's population. "This leaf wing polymorphism has been maintained in multipleKallimaspecies, but different species may have different phenotype frequencies," says Zhang. "I think this is due to the proliferation of specific plants in particular habitats, so the butterflies will gain more protective benefits by having different frequencies of wing phenotypes."

The team focused on one region, the eastern Himalayas, as a hub for diversification inKallimabutterflies. Because they found so much variation in this area, they were able to examine the evolution on a smaller scale than usual. "We generally focus on biodiversity at a macroevolutionary level," says Zhang. "But we seldom have cases that illustrate in detail how species diversity and genetic diversity originated in such a diversity hotspot."

In the future, Zhang and her team intend to continue to examine how wing coloration and patterns vary in different regions and with different plant life. "We would like to understand how these genes facilitate, and originated, such beautiful diversifying wing patterns," she says.

This project was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, the State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Qidong-SLS Innovation Fund, the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program, the Major Special Program of Tibet Autonomous Region, the Chinese Institute for Brain Research, and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.