//www.koonmotors.com/news/earth_climate/geology/ Geology news. From the discovery of new properties of deep earth and finds in fossil magma chambers to fossil fuels and more. en-us Fri, 08 Sep 2023 12:24:29 EDT Fri, 08 Sep 2023 12:24:29 EDT 60 //www.koonmotors.com/images/scidaily-logo-rss.png//www.koonmotors.com/news/earth_climate/geology/ For more science news, visit ScienceDaily. //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/09/230907130321.htm New research has uncovered a possible clue as to why glaciers that terminate at the sea are retreating at unprecedented rates: the bursting of tiny, pressurized bubbles in underwater ice. Thu, 07 Sep 2023 13:03:21 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/09/230907130321.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230831121736.htm What is the risk of a volcano erupting? To answer this question, scientists need information about its underlying internal structure. However, gathering this data can take several years of fieldwork, analyses and monitoring, which explains why only 30% of active volcanoes are currently well documented. A team has developed a method for rapidly obtaining valuable information. It is based on three parameters: the height of the volcano, the thickness of the layer of rock separating the volcano's reservoir from the surface, and the average chemical composition of the magma. Thu, 31 Aug 2023 12:17:36 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230831121736.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230831121645.htm Using synchrotron techniques, scientists have unveiled important information on The Great Oxidation Event by studying apatite inclusions in zircon crystals from old magmas. Thu, 31 Aug 2023 12:16:45 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230831121645.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230829125815.htm Could blending of crushed rock with arable soil lower global temperatures? Researchers study global warming events from 40 and 56 million years ago to find answers. Tue, 29 Aug 2023 12:58:15 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230829125815.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230809130724.htm New research links chemical changes in seawater to volcanic activity and changes. Wed, 09 Aug 2023 13:07:24 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230809130724.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230807152152.htm Geoscientists have long thought that water -- along with shallow magma stored in Earth's crust -- drives volcanoes to erupt. Now, thanks to newly developed research tools, scientists have learned that gaseous carbon dioxide can trigger explosive eruptions. Mon, 07 Aug 2023 15:21:52 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230807152152.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230807121548.htm Scientists have discovered that the breakup of tectonic plates is the main driving force behind the generation and eruption of diamond-rich magmas from deep inside the Earth. Mon, 07 Aug 2023 12:15:48 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230807121548.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230804123749.htm Geophysicists studied the activity of high energy electrons and clarified the unexpected protective role of the geomagnetic field surrounding the Earth. Fri, 04 Aug 2023 12:37:49 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230804123749.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230804123707.htm A subpolar species associated with Atlantic water expanded far into the Arctic Ocean during the Last Interglacial, analysis of microfossil content of sediment cores reveals. This implies that summers in the Arctic were ice free during this period. Fri, 04 Aug 2023 12:37:07 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230804123707.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230803213819.htm Kama?ehuakanaloa (formerly L??ihi Seamount), a submarine Hawaiian volcano located about 20 miles off the south coast of the Big Island of Hawai'i, has erupted at least five times in the last 150 years, according to new research led by Earth scientists at the University of Hawai'i at M?noa. Thu, 03 Aug 2023 21:38:19 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230803213819.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230803113009.htm An international drilling expedition off the Norwegian coast confirms the theory that methane emissions from hydrothermal vents were responsible for global warming about 55 million years ago. The study shows that the vents were active in very shallow water depth or even above sea level, which would have allowed much larger amounts of methane to enter the atmosphere. Thu, 03 Aug 2023 11:30:09 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230803113009.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802132018.htm A chemical process used in the browning of food to give it its distinct smell and taste is probably happening deep in the oceans, where it helped create the conditions necessary for life. Known as the Maillard reaction after the French scientist who discovered it, the process converts small molecules of organic carbon into bigger molecules known as polymers. In the kitchen, it is used to create flavors and aromas out of sugars. But a research team argues that on the sea floor, the process has had a more fundamental effect, where it has helped to raise oxygen and reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, to create the conditions for complex life forms to emerge and thrive on Earth. Wed, 02 Aug 2023 13:20:18 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802132018.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802132010.htm The same fiber optic networks that provide internet can simultaneously act as earthquake sensors, as demonstrated in a new study. Wed, 02 Aug 2023 13:20:10 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802132010.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802105822.htm Researchers have analyzed the shifting patterns of entire dune fields on Earth and Mars, as seen from orbit, and found they are a direct signature of recent environmental change. This new tool can be applied anywhere with dunes, such as Mars, Titan, and Venus. Wed, 02 Aug 2023 10:58:22 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230802105822.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230801163251.htm Earth's oldest craters could give scientists critical information about the structure of the early Earth and the composition of bodies in the solar system as well as help to interpret crater records on other planets. But geologists can't find them, and they might never be able to, according to a new study. Tue, 01 Aug 2023 16:32:51 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/08/230801163251.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230731151552.htm Earth is rapidly warming and scientists are developing a variety of approaches to reduce the effects of climate change. An astronomer has proposed a novel approach -- a solar shield to reduce the amount of sunlight hitting Earth, combined with a tethered, captured asteroid as a counterweight. Engineering studies using this approach could start now to create a workable design that could mitigate climate change within decades. Mon, 31 Jul 2023 15:15:52 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230731151552.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230725123111.htm Miyako Islands are home to various native species of snake and lizards. How these species came to call these islands home has long puzzled scientists. A group of researchers have compiled the latest geological and biological data, proposing that an island once facilitated migration between Okinawa and Miyako Islands. Tue, 25 Jul 2023 12:31:11 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230725123111.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230724182459.htm Much of central Utah's seismic activity comes in groups of small earthquakes. A study by seismologists examines 2,300 quakes occurring 40 'swarms' dating back to 1981, opening a window into Earth's crust in a geothermally active area. Mon, 24 Jul 2023 18:24:59 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230724182459.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230717115828.htm In a new study, researchers have found that the restoration efforts of the critically endangered species elkhorn coral depend largely on the animal's location, microbiome, and the right conditions to provide an abundance of food. Mon, 17 Jul 2023 11:58:28 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230717115828.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230711133248.htm 一个国际研究小组选择了the location which best represents the beginnings of what could be a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene Working Group have put forward Crawford Lake, in Canada, as a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Anthropocene. A GSSP is an internationally agreed-upon reference point to show the start of a new geological period or epoch in layers of rock that have built up through the ages. Tue, 11 Jul 2023 13:32:48 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230711133248.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230710180454.htm Movement in the Earth's tectonic plates indirectly triggers bursts of biodiversity in 36 million-year cycles by forcing sea levels to rise and fall, new research has shown. Mon, 10 Jul 2023 18:04:54 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230710180454.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230710180446.htm Research shows global cooling of the climate 10 million years ago led to an explosion of diversity in terrestrial orchids. Mon, 10 Jul 2023 18:04:46 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230710180446.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230705143017.htm 天体物理学家揭示了缓慢而steady lengthening of Earth's day caused by the tidal pull of the moon was halted for over a billion years. They show that from approximately two billion years ago until 600 million years ago, an atmospheric tide driven by the sun countered the effect of the moon, keeping Earth's rotational rate steady and the length of day at a constant 19.5 hours. Without this billion-year pause in the slowing of our planet's rotation, our current 24-hour day would stretch to over 60 hours. The paper offers a new perspective on how global warming will affect the length of our day and validates global circulation models as a climate modelling tool. Wed, 05 Jul 2023 14:30:17 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230705143017.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230705115131.htm Scientists used seismic data discovered Earth's inner core displays a variety of textures that it acquired will it formed from within the fluid outer core. The data set was generated over the past 27 years by a network of seismometers set up to enforce the nuclear test ban treaty. Wed, 05 Jul 2023 11:51:31 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230705115131.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230703133026.htm An international research team has discovered that a subduction zone's age affects the ability for it to recycle water between the Earth's surface and its inner layers. The more mature the subduction zone, the bigger the water storage capacity. Mon, 03 Jul 2023 13:30:26 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/07/230703133026.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628201312.htm Scientists have wondered what happens to the organic and inorganic carbon that Earth's Pacific Plate carries with it as it slides into the planet's interior along the volcano-studded Ring of Fire. A new study suggests a notable amount of such subducted carbon returns to the atmosphere rather than traveling deep into Earth's mantle. Wed, 28 Jun 2023 20:13:12 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628201312.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628131038.htm Volcanic disasters have been studied since Pompeii was buried in 79 A.D., leading the public to believe that scientists already know why, where, when and how long volcanoes will erupt. But a volcanologist said these fundamental questions remain a mystery. Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:10:38 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628131038.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628130428.htm An international team has, for the first time, accurately determined the age of the East Anatolian fault, allowing geologists to learn more about its seismic history and tendency to produce earthquakes. Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:04:28 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628130428.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628130414.htm Seismologists agree that foreshocks are the most widely identified signal of an upcoming mainshock earthquake. But do these foreshock sequences have distinctive characteristics that separate them from aftershock sequences, and could these characteristics be used to help forecast mainshocks? Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:04:14 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230628130414.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230626164250.htm Taiwan experiences some of the world's fastest rates of mountain building -- they are growing at a faster rate than our fingernails grow in a year. The mountains also see frequent and significant earthquakes, the region experiences about four typhoons per year on average, and in some places, it receives upwards of several meters of rain annually. Mon, 26 Jun 2023 16:42:50 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230626164250.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230626164234.htm Pioneering analysis of deep-sea corals has overturned the idea that ocean currents contributed to increasing global levels of carbon dioxide in the air over the past 11,000 years. Mon, 26 Jun 2023 16:42:34 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230626164234.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230622120919.htm The first ever 3D seismic imaging of a subducting seamount shows a previously unknown sediment trail in Earth's crust off the coast of New Zealand. Scientists think the sediment patches help release tectonic pressure gradually in slow slip earthquakes instead of violent tremors. The findings will help researchers search for similar patterns at other subduction zones like Cascadia in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Thu, 22 Jun 2023 12:09:19 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230622120919.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230621121027.htm Engineers are developing a cutting-edge process that can reduce energy consumption and cost of water desalination. Wed, 21 Jun 2023 12:10:27 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230621121027.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230620174452.htm A team of scientists has observed past episodic intraplate magmatism and corroborated the existence of a partial melt channel at the base of the Cocos Plate. Situated 60 kilometers beneath the Pacific Ocean floor, the magma channel covers more than 100,000 square kilometers, and originated from the Galápagos Plume more than 20 million years ago, supplying melt for multiple magmatic events -- and persisting today. Tue, 20 Jun 2023 17:44:52 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230620174452.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230620113738.htm New research showed that the plume emitted by the Hunga Volcano eruption in 2022 created the highest lightning flash rates ever recorded on Earth, more than any storm ever documented. Tue, 20 Jun 2023 11:37:38 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230620113738.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230615183147.htm By pumping water out of the ground and moving it elsewhere, humans have shifted such a large mass of water that the Earth tilted nearly 80 centimeters (31.5 inches) east between 1993 and 2010 alone, according to a new study. Thu, 15 Jun 2023 18:31:47 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230615183147.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230615183117.htm The Ontong Java Plateau, a volcanically-formed underwater plateau located in the Pacific Ocean north of the Solomon Islands, is younger and its eruption was more protracted than previously thought, new research suggests. Thu, 15 Jun 2023 18:31:17 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230615183117.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230614220621.htm Over the past decades, researchers thought Earth was created over a period of more than 100 million years. However, a new study from suggests that the creation of Earth was much more rapid, and that water and other essential ingredients for life were delivered to Earth very early on. Wed, 14 Jun 2023 22:06:21 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230614220621.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230614220611.htm New finding contradicts previous assumptions about the role of mobile plate tectonics in the development of life on Earth. Moreover, the data suggests that 'when we're looking for exoplanets that harbor life, the planets do not necessarily need to have plate tectonics,' says the lead author of a new paper. Wed, 14 Jun 2023 22:06:11 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230614220611.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230613190839.htm Computer models confirm that the African Superplume is responsible for the unusual deformations, as well as rift-parallel seismic anisotropy observed beneath the East African Rift System. Tue, 13 Jun 2023 19:08:39 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230613190839.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230612114738.htm The seemingly stable regions of the Earth's continental plates -- the so-called stable cratons -- have suffered repetitive deformation below their crust since their formation in the remote past, according to new research from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. This hypothesis defies decades of conventional plate tectonics theory and begs to answer why most cratons have remained structurally stable while their underbellies have experienced significant change. Mon, 12 Jun 2023 11:47:38 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230612114738.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230612114725.htm Gold is a precious metal that has always fascinated humans. From Priam's Treasure to the legend of El Dorado, gold --regarded as the noblest of metals-- has been a symbol of splendour and wealth in many civilizations. Historically, gold deposits were known to form when metal was transported dissolved by hot aqueous solution flows --hydrothermal fluids-- until it accumulated in some areas in the Earth's upper crust. The recent discovery of gold nanoparticles in such mineral deposits has brought some doubts on the validity of the classical model. Mon, 12 Jun 2023 11:47:25 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230612114725.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230609125645.htm The new study used a model of volcano fracturing to interpret patterns of earthquakes and ground uplift, and concluded that parts of the volcano had been stretched nearly to breaking point. Fri, 09 Jun 2023 12:56:45 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230609125645.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230608120950.htm The Daitari greenstone belt shares a similar geologic make-up when compared to the greenstones exposed in the Barberton and Nondweni areas of South Africa and those from the Pilbara Craton of north-western Australia. Thu, 08 Jun 2023 12:09:50 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230608120950.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230606164836.htm Geochemists report findings from collected and analyzed helium and carbon isotopic data from springs along a nearly 250-mile segment of Alaska's Denali Fault. The fault's mantle fluid flow rates, they report, fall in the range observed for the world's other major and active strike-slip faults that form plate boundaries. Tue, 06 Jun 2023 16:48:36 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230606164836.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230602115057.htm A study suggests that the answers to how and why mountains form are buried deeper than once thought. Clues in the landscape of southern Italy allowed researchers to produce a long-term, continuous record of rock uplift, the longest and most complete record of its kind. Fri, 02 Jun 2023 11:50:57 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230602115057.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230601182918.htm The seafloor is home to around one-third of all the microorganisms on the Earth and is inhabited even at a depth of several kilometers. Only when it becomes too hot does the abundance of microorganisms appear to decline. But how, and from what, do microorganisms in the deep seafloor live? How do their metabolic cycles work and how do the individual members of these buried communities interact? Researchers have now been able to demonstrate in laboratory cultures how small, liquid components of crude oil are broken down through a new mechanism by a group of microorganisms called archaea. Thu, 01 Jun 2023 18:29:18 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230601182918.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230601160150.htm Underwater volcanism and its hydrothermal activity play an important role in marine biogeochemical cycles, especially the carbon cycle. But the nature of hydrothermal activity at 'petit-spot' volcanoes have not been revealed at all. Now, scientists reveal that petit-spot hydrothermal activity occurs on the deepest seafloor known to date and could release carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, which may have implications for the global carbon cycle. Thu, 01 Jun 2023 16:01:50 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/06/230601160150.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230531145123.htm The ground beneath Antarctica's most vulnerable glacier has now been mapped, helping scientists to better understand how it is being affected by climate change. Analysis of the geology below the Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica shows there is less sedimentary rock than expected -- a finding that could affect how the ice slides and melts in the coming decades. Wed, 31 May 2023 14:51:23 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230531145123.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230525141356.htm A new study of the freshwater greenfin darter fish suggests river erosion can be a driver of biodiversity in tectonically inactive regions. Thu, 25 May 2023 14:13:56 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230525141356.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230525140951.htm A new study suggests iron-rich ancient sediments may have helped cause some of the largest volcanic events in the planet's history. Thu, 25 May 2023 14:09:51 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230525140951.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230524181937.htm A new study has used global storm-resolving simulations and machine learning to create an algorithm that can deal separately with two different scales of cloud organization: those resolved by a climate model, and those that cannot be resolved as they are too small. This new approach addresses the missing piece of information in traditional climate model parameterizations and provides a way to predict precipitation intensity and variability more precisely. Wed, 24 May 2023 18:19:37 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230524181937.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230523184945.htm A new study concludes that an extinct volcano off the shore of Portugal could store as much as 1.2-8.6 gigatons of carbon dioxide, the equivalent of ~24-125 years of the country's industrial emissions. For context, in 2022 a total of 42.6 megatons (0.0426 gigatons) of carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere by international carbon capture and storage efforts, according to the Global CCS Institute. The new study suggests that carbon capture and storage in offshore underwater volcanoes could be a promising new direction for removal and storage of much larger volumes of the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. Tue, 23 May 2023 18:49:45 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230523184945.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230522131339.htm Researchers found that the Hunga-Tonga eruption was associated with the formation of an equatorial plasma bubble in the ionosphere, a phenomenon associated with disruption of satellite-based communications. Their findings also suggest that a long-held atmospheric model should be revised. Mon, 22 May 2023 13:13:39 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230522131339.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230518120827.htm Scientists found weak, biologically-rich layers of sediments hundreds of meters beneath the seafloor which crumbled as oceans warmed and ice sheets declined. The landslides were discovered in the eastern Ross Sea in 2017, by an international team of scientists during the Italian ODYSSEA expedition, and scientists revisited the area in 2018 as part of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 374 where they collected sediment cores to understand what caused them. Thu, 18 May 2023 12:08:27 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230518120827.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230516115550.htm A team of physicists has discovered a new role for a specific type of turbulence -- a finding that sheds light on fluid flows ranging from the Earth's liquid core to boiling water. Tue, 16 May 2023 11:55:50 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230516115550.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230516115526.htm Approximately 700,000 years ago, a 'warm ice age' permanently changed the climate cycles on Earth. During this exceptionally warm and moist period, the polar glaciers greatly expanded. A research team identified this seemingly paradoxical connection. The shift in the Earth's climate represents a critical step in our planet's later climate development. Tue, 16 May 2023 11:55:26 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230516115526.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230515132024.htm A research team, composed of climatologists and an astronomer, have used an improved computer model to reproduce the cycle of ice ages (glacial periods) 1.6 to 1.2 million years ago. The results show that the glacial cycle was driven primarily by astronomical forces in quite a different way than it works in the modern age. These results will help us to better understand the past, present, and future of ice sheets and the Earth's climate. Mon, 15 May 2023 13:20:24 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230515132024.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230511164615.htm An international team has reconstructed the evolution of groundwater in the Great Basin, USA -- one of the driest regions on Earth -- up to 350,000 years into the past with unprecedented accuracy. The results shed new light on the effects of climate change on water supply and provide important insights for the sustainable use of groundwater resources. Thu, 11 May 2023 16:46:15 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230511164615.htm //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230510120539.htm Around 500 million years ago life in the oceans rapidly diversified. In the blink of an eye -- at least in geological terms -- life transformed from simple, soft-bodied creatures to complex multicellular organisms with shells and skeletons. Now, research has shown that the diversification of life at this time also led to a drastic change in the chemistry of Earth's crust -- the uppermost layer we walk on and, crucially, the layer which provides many of the nutrients essential to life. Wed, 10 May 2023 12:05:39 EDT //www.koonmotors.com/releases/2023/05/230510120539.htm