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University of Queensland researchers have found enjoying a daily latte or a black coffee causes no increased risk to pregnancy.
Dr Gunn-Helen Moen, Dr Daniel Hwang and Caroline Brito Nunes from UQ's Institute for Molecular Bioscience used genetics to analyse coffee drinking behaviour, and their findings show limited coffee consumption during pregnancy didn't increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth.
"Current World Health Organisation guidelines say pregnant women should drink less than 300mg of caffeine, or two to three cups per day," Dr Moen said.
"But that's based on observational studies where it's difficult to separate coffee drinking from other risk factors like smoking, alcohol or poor diet.
"We wanted to find out if coffee alone really does increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the research shows this isn't the case."
Dr Hwang said coffee drinking behaviour is partly due to genetics, with a specific set of genetic variants affecting how much coffee we drink.
"We showed that these genetic variants not only affect coffee consumption in the general population but also in pregnant women," he said.
The researchers used a method called Mendelian Randomisation which used eight genetic variants that predicted pregnant women's coffee drinking behaviour, and examined whether these variants were also associated with birth outcomes.
"Because we can't ask women to drink prescribed amounts of coffee during their pregnancy, we used genetic analyses to mimic a randomised control trial," Dr Hwang said.
The genetic analysis found there was no greater risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth for women who drank coffee.
"When it comes to diet during pregnancy women are often advised to cut things out, but this study shows they can still enjoy coffee without worrying about increasing the risk of these pregnancy outcomes," Dr Hwang said.
The researchers emphasise the study only looked at certain adverse pregnancy outcomes, and it is possible caffeine consumption could affect other important aspects of fetal development.
"For that reason we don't recommend a high intake during pregnancy, but a low or moderate consumption of coffee," Dr Moen said.
This research used genetic data from the Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium, the UK BioBank, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and 23andMe.
It has been published in theInternational Journal of Epidemiology
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