Candida albicansusually causes no problems or just an itchy skin infection that is easily treated. However, in rare cases, it may cause systemic infections that can be fatal. Existing antifungal drugs cause a lot of side effects and are expensive. Furthermore,C. albicansisbecoming more drug resistant, so there is a real need for new drug targets. 'We noted that no antifungal drugs are targeting protein synthesis, while half of the antibacterial drugs interfere with this system,' says Guskov. A reason for this is that fungal ribosomes, the cellular machineries that translate the genetic code into proteins, are very similar in humans and fungi. 'So, you would need a very selective drug to avoid killing our own cells.'

Atomic resolution

Therefore, Guskov and his collaborators reasoned that obtaining the structure of theC. albicansribosomes would be valuable in finding drug targets. The classical approach is to grow crystals from purified ribosomes and to determine their structure using X-ray crystallography; however, this is a laborious technique. Instead, they used single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy, where a large number of single particles are imaged at very low temperatures in an electron microscope. The images of single particles -- seen from different angles -- are subsequently combined to produce an atomic-resolution structure.

Mutation

'In this way, we solved the structures of vacant and inhibitor-bound fungal ribosomes and compared their functions to those of ribosomes from yeast and rabbit -- the latter as a model for the human ribosome -- and repeated this for ribosomes bound to different inhibitors,' explains Guskov. One of these inhibitors was the antimicrobial cycloheximide (CHX), to whichC. albicansis known to be resistant. By comparing the structures, the scientists noted that a single mutation in the E-site, which plays a key part in protein synthesis, prevents CHX from binding toC. albicansribosomes. 'The mutation changed one amino acid in the structure of this E-site from proline to glutamine. This substitution reduces the size of the binding site, so the inhibitor can't attach and is therefore ineffective.' Another inhibitor, phyllanthoside, is not blocked by the mutation.

Threat

'By comparing the structures of the E-sites in vacant ribosomes inC. albicansand humans and information on the way that different inhibitors bind to the site, we can develop a specific inhibitor that blocks fungal ribosomes but not those of humans. This would then be a selective drug to treat fungal infections.' The scientists are currently screening libraries of molecules to find drug leads. 'It is extremely challenging to develop a vaccine againstC. albicans, like we did for the coronavirus. So, we need drugs to treat systemic infections,' Guskov explains. 'The increasing drug resistance of this fungus is a real threat. If this continues, we could be in serious trouble unless new drugs are developed.'