To make this surprising discovery, the group consisting of Yusuke Goto and Ken Yoda of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, in collaboration with the University of Tokyo, and the CEBC in France, calculated and compared the ability of extinct giant flying creatures and modern birds to soar using wind and air currents in an energy-efficient way.

There are two types of soaring: thermal soaring, which uses updrafts to ascend and glide, such as eagles and frigatebirds; and dynamic soaring, which uses wind gradients over the ocean, as in the case of albatrosses and petrels. Using a model, the group calculated the performance of thermal and dynamic soaring for four species of extinct flying giant creatures and compared it to the performance of present-day birds. They found that the famousPteranodonof Jurassic Park III fame, for example, likely excelled at soaring flight using updrafts over the sea, flying in a similar way to the modern frigatebirds.

However, when they investigated theQuetzalcoatlus, the largest flying animal to have ever lived, they found that it was not suited for soaring flight even when atmospheric density parameters were changed.

"The poor thermal and slope soaring performance ofQuetzalcoatlus是由于相关的大型翼加载their large body size," the researchers say. "This suggests that the wind conditions under whichQuetzalcoatluscould conduct sustainable thermal soaring were limited. Although it had previously been thought thatQuetzalcoatluswas a proficient thermal soarer able to cover 10,000 miles without touching the ground, our studies show that its thermal soaring abilities were below that of modern birds. We suppose that the flight styles ofQuetzalcoatlusand other similar sized pterosaurs were similar to those of the kori bustard that is a short-range flyer and spend most of their time on land."

As well as the pterosaurs, the group also looked at two extinct giant birds, Argentavis magnificens, the heaviest flying bird that ever existed, andPelagornis sandersi, which has the largest wingspan of any flying bird. Here too, the group made a surprising discovery. On the one hand, their results agreed with previous studies thatArgentaviswas suited to thermal soaring; on the other hand, they found thatPelagorniswas suited to thermal soaring, although it was previously thought to use dynamic soaring.

Although it is too late for Jurassic World Dominion, the results of the study will likely change the way extinct giant birds and pterosaurs are portrayed in the inevitable sequels.

The results of this research were published in the first issue ofPNAS Nexuson March 10, 2022.

This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI including Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas "Hierarchical Bio-Navigation Integrating Cyber-Physical Space."