But not all OSCs are created equal. Those based on nonfullerene-acceptors, orNFAs,have now been found to generate electricity efficiently even with a relatively low offset of 0.1 eV. Compared to conventional fullerene-based types, NFA-based OSCs achieve significantly higher power conversion efficiency.

"We then asked ourselves how this was achieved, and what materials we would need to develop in order to obtain the low offset," says KyotoU's Yasunari Tamai, whose team made the discovery.

Traditionally, a combination of so-calledp-typepolymers withn-typefullerene derivatives have been the preferred semiconductors used in OSCs, also calledorganic photovoltaics, orOPVs. A difference in the energy levels, or offset, of more than 0.3 eV is generally considered necessary to drive photovoltaic conversion. These conventional polymers can provide up to 10-11% of power conversion efficiency.

Tamai adds, "On the other hand, a large offset also drags down the open-circuit voltage. Efficient power conversion requires a trade-off between electric current and voltage in the form of a low offset."

The best solutions can sometimes be found by thinking outside the box, or in this case, reversing the thinking: lose the fullerene.

Recently, NFA-based OSCs have been found to generate efficient free carriers even with an offset of a mere 0.1 eV, topping regular fullerene-based OSCs by an impressive ten percent or more.

The team usedtransient absorption spectroscopyto track free carrier generation over time. As when a slalom skier glides down the hill from gate to gate, relaxed charges transfer freely down the energy cascade created in the solar cells.

"We hope that our research will help move the world closer to this practical application of organic solar cell technology to harness the virtually non-depletable energy source from our sun," concludes Tamai.