There are numerous examples of such structural colouration in nature, including irregular surface structures -- for example, found in other butterfly species. "The regular nanostructures on the wings ofCynandra opis, however, were particularly well suited to reconstruction using 3D printing," explains Xiaobao Cao, a former doctoral student of the deMello group and lead author of this study. TheCynandra opisstructures consist of two grid layers stacked perpendicular to each other, with a lattice spacing of about 1/2 to 1 micrometre.

Entire colour palette

By varying this lattice spacing and the height of the lattice rods in the range between 250 nanometres and 1.2 micrometres, the ETH researchers were able to produce 3D printed structures that generate all the colours of the visible spectrum. Many of these colours do not occur in the natural model (the butterfly) their structures are based on.

The researchers succeeded in producing such surfaces using different materials, including a transparent polymer. "This made it possible to illuminate the structure from behind to bring out the colour," explains Stavros Stavrakis, a senior scientist in deMello group and co-author of the study. "This is the first time we've managed to produce all the colours of the visible spectrum as structural colours in a translucent material."

Security feature

As part of the study, the scientists produced a miniature image of multi-hued structural-colour pixels measuring 2 by 2 micrometres. Such tiny images could one day be used as a security feature on banknotes and other documents. Because the colours can be produced with transparent material, it would also be possible to manufacture colour filters for optical technologies. This fits well with the main research activity of ETH Professor deMello's group, which develops microfluidic systems -- miniaturised systems for chemical and biological experiments.

Large-scale production of nanostructures is also conceivable, the researchers say. A negative structure could be 3D printed to serve as a template, which would make it possible to produce large numbers of reproductions. This means the principle could be suitable for the manufacture of high?resolution colour displays, such as thin bendable screens. And finally, the scientists point out that structural colours could replace the pigments used today in printing and painting. Structural colours have certain advantages over conventional pigments: they last longer because they do not fade when exposed to light, and in most cases they have a better environmental footprint.