Previous research by the RIKEN CBS group led by Kumi Kuroda has shown that in mammals, the drive for maternal care also comes from the MPOA. Specifically, the amylin-responsive neurons in the central MPOA (cMPOA) are required for maternal motivation. As is often the case in scientific discovery, the initial connection between amylin and loneliness was inadvertent. "While studying amylin signaling in maternal care, we noticed that the amount of amylin in the cMPOA depended on the housing conditions of the mice," explains Kuroda.

That observation led to the new study that examined behavioral and neural responses to social isolation and social reunion in female mice. The researchers found that six days of isolation led to an almost complete disappearance of amylin, which returned to normal two weeks after the mice were reunited with their cage-mates. This was true even when the mice were separated from cage mates by a windowed divider within the same cage, indicating that female mice needed to make free physical contact with other mice to maintain amylin expression in the cMPOA. Then the researchers carefully eliminated the possibility that amylin levels were regulated by other factors such as boredom, general stress, physical contact with humans, or contact with other mice for defensive purposes. They also found that amylin-expressing neurons in the cMPOA are deactivated upon isolation, and activated upon reunion.

When female mice were separated from their cage-mates by the windowed divider, they first bit the bars of the divider vigorously. This biting behavior was only observed when other mice were across the divider, and thus the mice seemed like they were trying to break the window and reunite with the other mice. This contact-seeking behavior was increased by specifically activating amylin-expressing neurons using chemogenetics, a biotechnology that allows artificial control of neuronal activity. In contrast, contact-seeking behavior decreased after knocking down amylin in the cMPOA. "Among other reported molecules, amylin is the one that responds the most to isolation and reunion, and itself facilitates contact-seeking behaviors," says Kuroda. "With all these results, we became confident that amylin is the major player in the brain that is needed for sensing and seeking social contacts."

Since Darwin's time, scientists have postulated that social affiliation among adults originally evolved from parental care. This study provides molecular evidence that supports this notion. "Both parental care and female-female social contact depend on amylin and augment its expression," Kuroda says, "This synergy might facilitate cooperative parenting, in which multiple females care for young together, as is observed in mice and humans."