Acer miyabeiis found mainly in river floodplains, from lowland to mountainous areas. The species was once abundant but is now only found in small, isolated populations. In Japan,Acer miyabeiis found in three regions: a northern group in Hokkaido with a number of local populations at low elevation, and groups in North and Central Honshu, which have smaller populations. In Central Honshu,Acer miyabeiis found at high altitude in mountainous areas.

"The genetic diversity and variation of relic species, likeAcer miyabei,can provide clues to their origins and history, as well as the ability of current populations to respond to climate change," says lead author of the study, Professor Ikuyo Saeki. "We wanted to explore the biogeographic history ofthis species, which was once widespread, to understand how it has survived in these pockets of suitable habitat."

To look at the genetic variation of trees from the three regions, the researchers collected samples from 604 trees at 43 sites. They then examined their genetic structure using microsatellite markers.

While the results showed genetic differentiation among the three regions, the variation among populations within regions was larger than that among regions. "The northern group could be differentiated from the two southern groups, but our findings suggest that division of the populations occurred relatively recently," explains Professor Saeki. "It appears that the mountainous terrain of Central Honshu likely played an important role in shaping the genetic variation of populations in that region."

While Central Honshu has a small number of geographically scattered populations, these have a high number of distinct alleles-a sign of genetic diversity. As the climate warmed after the glacial periods of the last ice age, the cool higher elevations of the mountains may have provided refugia forAcer miyabei．这些种群之间的基因流可能会have been limited by the terrain.

Species distributions can be shaped by many different climatic, environmental, and biological factors and the relationships among them over time. Looking at the genetic structure of relic species, likeAcer miyabei, can provide insights into the relationships between genetics and the environment, as well as insights into how species may adapt to future change.