As global climate changes, more tropical storms have been packed into a single hurricane season, which in the Gulf region typically runs from June through November. The time between storms in the region is shrinking, according to new findings published in the AGU journalGeophysical Research Letters, which publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.

Florida and Louisiana are most likely to experience "sequential landfall," where one hurricane moves over land faster than infrastructure damaged in a previous storm can be repaired. The researchers estimate this timescale between hurricanes to be 10 days for those states. Being hit by two storms in quick succession gives communities and infrastructure less time to recover between disasters -- a significant problem for a region with a swelling population that has struggled to recover following previous natural disasters.

"In previous research, people have mostly focused on the resilience of infrastructure, [rather than] the time to restore it after a storm," said Dazhi Xi, a climate scientist at Princeton University who led the study.

With both a longer storm season and shorter breaks between disasters, stresses on infrastructure, ecosystems and people are intensified.

"If you need 15 days to restore infrastructure -- for example, a power system -- after a storm hits, and the second storm makes landfall before the system can recover, residents will face dangerous conditions," said Xi. In a community without power, transportation or communications, problems around health risks, rescue and clean-up operations, and restoring systems are all exacerbated by sequential tropical storms.

More cyclones, more problems

The study examined hurricane seasons from 1979 to 2020, focusing on years in which at least two tropical storms made landfall in the same region within two weeks of each other. Xi looked at how that number changed over time and paired that trend with a climate model to estimate how the number of back-to-back hurricanes would change over time. Xi also broke down the Gulf Coast into different regions to identify which areas are most at risk of these sequential storms, historically and in the future. He found that Louisiana and Florida are the most likely places for multiple tropical storms to strike, but the entire coast will see more storms.

The number of tropical storms is projected to grow rapidly even relative to the lengthening hurricane season, Xi said.

The need to focus on quicker restoration times after disasters was highlighted earlier this year by the extreme cold snap in Texas in February, when much of the state's power grid went offline. That disaster was followed later by Tropical Storm Henri, which swamped New York's subway system in August, and Hurricane Ida, which in September hit Louisiana -- a state still "reeling" from last year's hurricane season with three sequential landfalling storms, according to hurricane climatologist and geographer Jill Trepanier at Louisiana State University, who was not involved in the study.

"Even the best-case scenario of this worst-case scenario still spells devastation for the coast," said Trepanier. "That's why climate refugees exist. They're people who are displaced because they can no longer live in an area due to changing climate conditions. If we're unable to put power grid structures back in place, adequately house people, or provide water and other resources, we can't have people living there."