CRISPR technology can be used to edit genes and revolutionised the scientific world when it was first introduced. CRISPR-Cas9 is likely the most known CRISPR-system and popularly known as the gene scissor.

That is just one out of the many various CRISPR systems that exist. Now researchers from the University of Copenhagen (UCPH) have mapped and analysed the atomic structure one of the most complex CRISPR systems so far.

"We have solved the largest and most complicated CRISPR-Cas complex seen so far. We now understand how this system works on a molecular level," says co-author Guillermo Montoya, who is Professor at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF CPR), UCPH.

The researchers have studied a complex called Cmr-β, which belongs to the subgroup of so-called type III-B CRISPR-Cas complexes. The new results have been published in the scientific journalMolecular Cell.

Fights against phages

CRISPR is a system found in bacteria, among other organisms, and it is involved in bacteria's immune system. Here it plays a main role in the constant fight against invading phages, a virus that attacks bacteria.

In the new study, the researchers have studied Cmr's role in the immune system and delved into the mechanisms behind its immune response against phages and how it is regulated.

"Our findings, in collaboration with the She group at the Faculty of Sciences, highlight the diverse defence strategies of type III complexes. We have also identified a unique subunit called Cmr7, which seems to control the complex activity, and we further believe that it may defend against prospective viral anti-CRISPR proteins," says co-author Nicholas Heelund Sofos, postdoc at NNF CPR.

Potential applications

The Cmr system mapped by the researchers in the new study can among other things remove single-stranded RNA and DNA. Though it will be very difficult to use for gene editing like CRISPR-Cas9.

It is too big and complex. But in the future, it may still be key to understand the immune response of bacteria and it could have some use in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

"This complex plays an important role in the fight between bacteria and phages. Antibiotic resistance comes from this type of fight. Therefore, our results may constitute an important knowledge for fighting antibiotic resistance."

"The complex may also have therapeutic potential. In the future, we may be able to use this for diagnostics or a health problem we may not even have seen yet. Now, our goal is to look for an application for this system," says Guillermo Montoya.

The researchers used the advanced technology cryo electron microscopy -- also called CryoEM -- to outline the system. All research and data collection was conducted at the University of Copenhagen.

CRISPR-Cas

* CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Cas stands for CRISPR-associated protein.

* CRISPR-Cas9 is probably the most well-known of the CRISPR systems and can be used for gene editing. One protein is associated with the system: Cas9.

* Many small proteins are associated with the Cmr-β system outlined by the researchers in the new study.