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Small horses got smaller, big tapirs got bigger 47 million years ago

Researchers open a window onto ancient mammal evolution using fossils from Germany

Date:
March 24, 2020
Source:
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Summary:
The former coalfield of Geiseltal in Saxony-Anhalt has yielded large numbers of exceptionally preserved fossil animals, giving palaeontologists a unique window into the evolution of mammals 47 million years ago. A team has shown that the body size of two species of mammals developed in opposite directions.
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The former coalfield of Geiseltal in Saxony-Anhalt has yielded large numbers of exceptionally preserved fossil animals, giving palaeontologists a unique window into the evolution of mammals 47 million years ago. A team led by the University of Tübingen and the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) has shown that the body size of two species of mammals developed in opposite directions. The study was published in "Scientific Reports."

47 million years ago -- the middle Eocene -- the Earth was much warmer and the area of Geiseltal was a swampy subtropical forest whose inhabitants included ancestors of the horse, ancient tapirs, large terrestrial crocodiles, as well as giant tortoises, lizards and ground-dwelling birds. So rich are the Geiseltal finds that they give researchers an unprecedented high-resolution picture of evolutionary dynamics at the population level.

A team led by Dr Márton Rabi from the University of Tübingen and the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) has shown that the body size of two species of mammals developed in opposite directions. The study, published inScientific Reports, was carried out with Simon Ring and Professor Hervé Bocherens at the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment and the University of Tübingen in cooperation with Dr Oliver Wings from the MLU.

"We were initially interested in the evolution of the ancient horses, which were about the size of a Labrador dog. These animals are particularly abundant in the Geiseltal fossil record," Rabi says. Researchers initially believed they had several species of early horse. "However, we found that here, there was only one species, whose body size shrank significantly with time," Rabi explains. The team wanted to test whether this body size shift was climate-induced, since past global warming caused body-size reduction in ancient mammals.

碳和氧同位素研究化石的牙齿provided the scientists with information about the local middle Eocene climate. "They indicate a humid tropical climate. However, we didn't find any evidence for climatic changes in Geiseltal over the period investigated," says Bocherens. To further test the data, the team sought to discover whether the dwarfing process was unique to the horses. For comparison, they examined the evolution of the tapir ancestor called Lophiodon. "We had reason to question the Geiseltal's constant-climate data; so we expected that other mammals would show the same body-size trends as the horses," Simon Ring explains. In a surprising result, the tapirs -- also a single species -- revealed the opposite trend. They grew larger instead of shrinking. While the ancestors of the horse shrank from an average body weight of 39 kilograms to around 26 kilograms over about a million years, the tapirs increased from 124 kilograms to an average body weight of 223 kilograms.

Differing survival strategies

"All the data indicate that the body size of the horses and tapirs developed differently not because of the climate, but because of different life cycles," explains Bocherens. Small animals reproduce faster and die younger: Relative to their size, they don't have to eat as much to maintain their body mass and can devote more resources to having young. Larger animals live longer and have lower reproduction rates. They have to eat more and therefore have fewer resources for reproduction -- but, being large, face fewer predators and can range further to get better food. That extends their lives and gives them more time to breed. The Geiseltal tapirs and the horses therefore likely maximized the different advantages of their respective life cycle strategies, which caused divergent body size evolution.

Exceptional fossil deposits

The Geiseltal fossil site is located in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt. In the course of open-cast brown coal mining between 1933 and 1993, tens of thousands of fossil specimens of more than one hundred species were discovered there. Many were the ancestors of modern vertebrates. "The Geiseltal is as important a fossil site as the Messel Pit near Darmstadt, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site," says Dr. Rabi. "But because the Geiseltal collection was hardly accessible during East German times, it kind of went off the radar."

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Materialsprovided byMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.注:内容可以编辑为圣yle and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Simon J. Ring, Hervé Bocherens, Oliver Wings, Márton Rabi.Divergent mammalian body size in a stable Eocene greenhouse climate.Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1) DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-60379-7

Cite This Page:

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. "Small horses got smaller, big tapirs got bigger 47 million years ago: Researchers open a window onto ancient mammal evolution using fossils from Germany." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 March 2020. .
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. (2020, March 24). Small horses got smaller, big tapirs got bigger 47 million years ago: Researchers open a window onto ancient mammal evolution using fossils from Germany.ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 5, 2023 from www.koonmotors.com/releases/2020/03/200324131829.htm
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. "Small horses got smaller, big tapirs got bigger 47 million years ago: Researchers open a window onto ancient mammal evolution using fossils from Germany." ScienceDaily. www.koonmotors.com/releases/2020/03/200324131829.htm (accessed August 5, 2023).

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