For landscapes to facilitate range expansion, there is a balance to be struck between promoting movement with low-quality habitat (places where a species can survive, but does not have all the resources it needs to complete its life cycle) and promoting population growth with high-quality habitat. They conclude that low-quality habitats that meet a minimum standard could actually provide a benefit as conduits for movement.

The underlying behaviour that explains this surprising result is that when animals find themselves in an inhospitable area they tend to make longer and straighter movements. As long as they do not die in this area, their arrival at another breeding area will tend to be quicker. The researchers used data from 78 species in 70 studies to show that in 73 percent of cases, animals moved faster through 'lower-quality' habitats. To illustrate what this principle means on the ground, the team used mathematical models to calculate rates of range expansion across a variety of landscapes for an exemplar species -- the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly. They showed that range expansion is fastest through landscapes composed of around 15 percent high-quality habitat and 85 percent unsuitable habitat.

“在景观尺度上,15%高质量的栖息地still more than currently exists in most ecosystems. Nonetheless, our findings point to the potential of using suburban and even urban greenspace as underappreciated areas that could facilitate range shifts, if green spaces such as lawns were converted to native plant gardens, which have high conservation potential for insects and other wildlife species," said lead author Elizabeth Crone, a professor of biology at Tufts University.

Jenny Hodgson, co-author of the study and lecturer in evolution, ecology and behaviour at the University of Liverpool added: "This could offer a new perspective of flexibility for landscape planners: they needn't worry if they can't create unbroken tracts of high-quality wildlife habitat, instead they can create strategic 'stepping stones' in urban and agricultural areas. However, the stepping stones need to provide resources for breeding, not just temporary food resources."

研究人员希望他们的研究将使设计rs of city and suburban environments start to think differently about their approach, by providing a starting point to assess the consequences of landscape structure in the management of wildlife, regardless of whether the goal is to enhance or restrict the potential for range expansion.

"Nearly all high-profile studies about biodiversity conservation have focused on documenting the patterns of species habitat use and movement. We feel that more insights are gained by considering the mechanisms behind these patterns," said co-author Cheryl Schultz, professor of conservation biology at Washington State University. "In this case, our discovery that lower quality habitats assist species movement to better habitats sets up a more realistic and achievable objective for urban landscapers, and provides an important complement to conservation efforts focused on preserving large tracts of natural areas and high-quality habitat."

Also contributing to the study were Frithjof Lutscher, professor at University of Ottawa, who provided the population dynamics model and its analysis, and Leone Brown, research associate at Tufts University.

This work was funded by a Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program Award to EEC and CBS (RC-2119) and by an NSERC Discovery Grant to FL (RGPIN-2016-04795).