"As our lab expands and diversifies the types of good bacteria that we work with, we turn to more finicky bacteria, likeBifidobacterium," said Rodolphe Barrangou, the Todd R. Klaenhammer Distinguished Professor of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the research published today inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "This bacterium is harder to grow and harder to work with than others, but we were able to make some important discoveries and understand more about the bacterium's genetic basis for its health-promoting functionalities."

"Bifidobacteriumis one of the two main players in the probiotic industry along withLactobacillusand is particularly dominant in the colon of infants," said Meichen (Echo) Pan, an NC State Ph.D. student and first author of the paper. "But it is much more difficult to manipulate compared to Lactobacillus."

NC State researchers used both the bacterium's internal CRISPR-Cas system as well as a portable engineered CRISPR effector to make their findings. CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems that allow bacteria to withstand attacks from enemies like viruses. These systems have been adapted by scientists to remove or cut and replace specific genetic code sequences.

Bifidobacterium, it turns out, has an abundance of native CRISPR-Cas systems, and one of them is a relatively understudied type I-G system.

In separate experiments, the researchers used this internal system and a portable Cas effector called a cytosine base editor to resensitize aBifidobacteriumstrain to a common antibiotic -- tetracycline. Many bacteria carry natural resistance to antibiotics.

"Restoring antibiotic sensitivity is conceptually and practically important because bacteria can potentially transfer antibacterial resistance to other bacteria in the gut," Pan said.

The researchers also found tiny changes in different strains of the bacterium, so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs, that seemed to reflect large differences in the phenotypes, or characteristics, of the strains.

"This was a surprising lesson: One letter difference in strains with genetic codes that are over 99% similar can make huge differences," Barrangou said. "What genes turn on and how they behave due to their environment can make a huge difference and will require researchers to customize the CRISPR tool to adapt the editing strategy accordingly."

NC State and the North Carolina Agricultural Foundation supported the work, in a collaborative effort with IFF. Co-authors of the paper include former NC State post-doctoral researcher Claudio Hidalgo-Cantabrana, NC State graduate student Avery Roberts, and former NC State staff scientist Yong Jun Goh, Wesley Morovic of IFF Health and Biosciences, and Kimberly K.O. Walden at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign.